Enzymes protein catalysts Reaction coupling ability to convert one form of energy into another, then use it to drive energetically unfavorable reactions Oxidation all energy comes from oxidation of something, and electron transfer Membrane gradients bacteria store energy as a potential using membrane gradients of ions regulation of catalysts The Read more…
Cholera Microbe – Vibrio choleraeAnimal reservoir – shellfishSpread – T; water/food CJD Microbe – prionAnimal reservoir – cattle/humansSpread – T; food/cannibalism Dengue Microbe – FlaviviridaeAnimal reservoir – monkeys/humansSpread – V; mosquito – Aedes Ebola Microbe – FiloviridaeAnimal reservoir – batsSpread – T; body fluids Hanta Microbe – BunyaviridaeAnimal reservoir – Read more…
Bartonella spp. Cat scratch diseaseTransmission: Cat scratch Borrelia burgdorferi Lyme diseaseIxodes ticks (live on deer and mice) Borrelia recurrentis Recurrent feverLouse Recurrent b/c of variable surface antigens) Brucella spp. Brucellosis/undulant feverUnpasteurized dairy Campylobacter Bloody diarrheaPuppies, livestock (also fecal-oral, ingestion, and sexual transmission) Chlamydophila psittaci PsittacosisParrots, birds Coxiella burnetii Q feverSpores Read more…
Rhabdovirus -disease -vector -incubation -clinical manifestation -diagnosis -treatment -notes Disease: rabies Vector: infected animals esp. racoons, skunks, bats, and foxes Incubation: 10 days – many years but typically 3-7 weeks Clinical manifestation: –Prodrome ~fever, malaise, nausea/vomit, skin sensitive to temp, pain at site of bite even after healing –CNS Read more…
Since Pathogenic Parasites rely on their hosts for survival, the population dynamics of the parasite are influenced by the population dynamics of the hosts. The host population will likely contain which of the following? a. individuals who are susceptibleb. individuals who are infectedc. individuals who have been infected but have Read more…
S. aureus skin, subcutaneous infections, bacteremia,endocarditis, toxic shock, food poisoning catalase +, facultative anaerobes S. epidermidis opportunistic, nosocomial infectionsnormal skin flora and an opportunist that causes endocarditis of artificial heart valves catalase +, facultative anaerobes Streptococcus pyogenes ?-hemolytic Streptococcus agalactiae Group BBeta hemolyticNormal flora of GI urogenital tractsInfection acquired in Read more…
Polypeptide Non-repetitive polymer Carbohydrates homopolymers or non-repetitive heteropolymers What is nature of genetic material? Chromosomes made of nucleic acids and proteins.Originally assumed genes would be composed of amino acids because it was thought that they appeared to be the only biomolecules with sufficient complexity to convey genetic information.Idea of DNA Read more…
Koch’s Postulates 1. The suspected pathogenic organism should be present in all cases of the disease and absent from healthy animals 2. The suspected organism should be grown in pure culture away from the animal’s body 3. Such a culture when inoculated into susceptible animals, should initiate the characteristic disease Read more…
Central Dogma of MicroBio [image] GENE the nucleotide sequence coding for a single polypeptide chain, or a ribosomal RNA, or a t-RNA. anti-sense strand of DNA is transcribed into a mRNA Prokaryote vs Eukaryotes (RNA) Prokaryote. A single mRNA often contains more than one coding region (such mRNAs are called Read more…
Virulence of Microorganisms -vs- Resistance of Host Virulence:InvasivenessToxigenicityResistance:Acquired or Induced Immunity (Resistance)Humoral Immunity: mediated by antibodiesCellular Immunity: mediated by cells (T cells)Natural Resistance: (Innate immunity)Cells: macrophages, etc.Mechanical barriers: skin & mucous membranesChemical factors: intereferons, fatty acids on skinMicrobial factors Innate Immunity (Natural Resistance) Non-Specific Mechanical Barriers, Chemical factors, Microbial factors, Cellular Read more…
Mutualism both host and microbe benefit Commensalism microbe causes no damage to host Pathogenic relationship microbe causes damage to host Normal Flora microorganisms normally found in or on the body that typically do not cause disease Synergistically capable of working together; two microorganisms are synergistic if they are able to Read more…
WD40 Function: protein-protein interactions, a stable propeller-like platform to which proteins bind either stably or reversibly EF-hand Function: Calcium binding Specificity: Ca2+ SNARE Function: protein-protein interactions in intracellular membrane fusion Specificity: other SNARE domains SH3 Function: protein-protein interactions Specificity: proline-rich sequences SH2 Function: protein-protein interaction Chromo Function: protein-protein interactions in Read more…
Weak bonds very important to shape of macromolecules & hence biological function Can form and break under physiological conditionsMediate interactions between enzymes & substrates and between macromolecules.Especially between proteins & DNA or RNAAlso, between different parts of same macromoleculeEx. Protein is linear chain covalently linked amino acids, but its shape Read more…
What are the common characteristics of yersinia, francisella, brucella, and pasteurella? * gram(-) rod* zoonotic disease* very virulent (not pasteurella)* facultative intracellular organism (not pasteurella)* treat with aminoglycoside (gentamicin or streptomycin) and/or doxycycline (not pasteurella) What causes bubonic plague? Yersinia pestis What are the virulence factors of Yersinia pestis (resist Read more…
What is the primary causative agent of tooth decay? Streptococcus mutans What causes cariogenic dental plaques? Mouth acidity What is periodontal disease? Inflammation of the gums in response to plaque bacteria such as in dental calculus or gingivitis Responsible for tooth loss in the elderly What causes gingivitis? Porphyromonas gingivalis Read more…
Microorganism any living organism that must be examined with a microscope Ocular Magnifying lens usually 10X Body Tube mirrors/prisms to make image Objective lens magnify the speciment (10X, 40X, 100X) Stage platform that holds slide Mechanical Stage allows slide to be moved on the stage Coarse Knob focuses in 10X Read more…
chicken pox causative agent varicella zooster virusVZV VZV etiology dsDNApolyhedral capsule envelopelarge vzv reservoir infected humans vzv transmission dropletdirectfomites vzv clinical incubation 10-23 daysvesicular rash, fever, headache, fatigue, sore throat, anorexia, irritability, itching shingles clinical vesicular pustular rash along a nerve from one dorsal rootpain vzv diagnosis clinical vzv treatment Read more…
5′ cap A cap on the 5′ end of mRNAs. Discovered by A.J. Shatkin and B. Moss in 1975. Important for translation. ?X174 An ssDNA virus with a circular genome. A.E. Smith In 1984, discovered nuclear localization signals. A.J. Shatkin and B. Moss In 1975, discovered 5′ caps of mRNAs Read more…
5′ cap dependent transcription Transcription of influenza -RNA into mRNA. Occurs in the nucleus. A 5′ cap sequence of host mRNA aligns with the 3′ end of the -RNA, and RNA polymerase cleaves the -RNA, leaving 11 – 13 nucleotides at teh 5′ end of the host RNA. Two nucleotides Read more…
Bacteria that fix carbon dioxide and derive their energy from the oxidation of inorganic ions are defined as what? chemolithoautotrophic Chlorobium is a member of which group of which group of bacteria? phototrophic green sulfur bacteria Name two genera of bacteria that are photoheterotrophs. Rhodobacter Rhodospirillum What very strong acid Read more…