organ system – 8 a group of organs working together to perform a function. example: respiratory, digestive, and skeletal system species – 10 a group of similar organisms that can reproduce to form fertile offspring molecule – 2 atoms bonded together cell – 5 smallest unit showing all characteristics of Read more…
Ion charged atom Ionic bond attraction between oppositely charged ions + ion (cation) Forms when an electron is lost – ion (anion) Forms when an electron is gained non polar covalent bond forms by the even sharing of electrons between atoms polar covalent bond forms by the uneven sharing of Read more…
ionic bond A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions. Metal+ Non metal covalent bond A chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons . Non metal + Non metal polar covalent bond unequal sharing of electrons non polar covalent bond equal sharing of electrons hydrogen bond Read more…
organic molecules they contain carbon-carbon covalent bonds or carbon-hydrogen covalent bonds. Inorganic do not. inorganic molecules water and some acids, bases, and salts water solvent (liquid into which solutes are dissolved) dehydration synthesis chemical reaction in which water is removed from small molecules so they can be strung together to Read more…
ionic bonds where an element acquires an electron and the other element losses an electron are termed ___ bonds seven pH of a neutral solution None number of neutrons in a typical hydrogen atom aldehyde This functional group has a double bond oxygen with a terminal carbon Eight Maximum number Read more…
Positive test for decomposition of nitrates Brown toxic gas/ glowing splint is relit Disproportionation An element in a single species being simultaneously oxidised and reduced Ionisation energy …… down Group 2 Decreases Ionic precipitation reaction Reaction producing a solid precipitate when 2 solutions are mixed that contain ions Charge or Read more…
Group 7: boiling points Increases down group- vdwfs increases due to increase in size and increase in Relative atomic mass. Group 7: electronegativity Decreases down group due to increase in shielding Group 7: displacements – oxidising strength decreases down ground cos of electron increase – electrons with smaller radius Periodicity: Read more…
pH a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution Alkalinity a quantitative measurement of the ability of an aqueous solution to neutralize an acid. The 2 ions produced by the ionization of water are: Hydroxide (OH-) and Hydronium (H3O+) Ionization of water formula: 2(H2O)H3O+ + OH- Simplified Read more…
Crystal Field Theory Designed for coordination compounds: Ligands+ Metal ion (+charge) Orbital Energy Determined by ligand number, compound structure, and electric field strength of ligands Nucleophilicity order of ligands 1. Across a row: C⁻>N⁻>O⁻>F⁻ since increasing electronegativity decreases the lone pair availability. 2. Comparing same atom: higher electron density increases Read more…
Matter anything that has mass and volume volume the amount of space something occupies covalent bond …
Avogadro’s number 6.022 x 10^23. example: 1 mol of C =6.022 x 10^23, 1 mol of HCl= 6.022 x 10^23, 2 mol of NaCl= 2 x 6.022 x 10^23 Number of Cl- ions in 2 moles of MgCl2 = 2 x 2 x 6.022 x 10^23 Number of Mg2+ ions Read more…
Organic chemistry Study of molecules that contain carbon compounds Inorganic chemistry Study of all compounds that do not contain carbon compounds Key differences between organic and inorganic chemistry Chemical structure Chemical classification Scientific purpose Chemical structure The main difference between organic and inorganic chemistry Organic compounds: – must contain a Read more…
• Haber-bosh Process o Process that uses Fe-based inorganic catalysts to promote NH3 (ammonia) production • Ziegler Natta polymerization o Process used in polymer production (such as polyethylene) • Rydberg formula o Delta(E) = Rh*(1/ni^2-1/nf^2). Constitutes the emission spectrum of hydrogen • Schrödinger equation o Describes wave properties of electron Read more…
Chemical A substance that has the same composition and properties wherever it is found. Chemistry The study of the composition, structure, properties, and reactions of matter. Conclusion An explanation of an observation that has been validated by repeated experiments that support a hypothesis. Experiment A procedure that tests the validity Read more…
Covalent Bond Formed when two neighboring atoms share an electron pair. Single Bond A shared electron pair. Double Bond Two shared electron pairs. Lone Pair An unshared pair of valence electrons on an atom. Octet Rule Each atom shares electrons with neighboring atoms to achieve a total of eight valence Read more…
aqueous (water) solution when chemicals dissolve in water precipitate insoluble product filtrate the liquid that runs through the filter (soluble product)
inorganic chemistry non-carbon containing compounds What is the most important compound on earth? water Polar slightly positive one side, slightly negative side. -attract ions Universal Solvent readily forms solutions with other polar molecules and ions allowing it to dissolve and suspend numerous substances Cohesive sticks to things Resistance to temperature Read more…
Atomic number The number of protons in an atom mass number (atomic mass) number of protons plus the number of neutrons in an atom Ion An atom that carries either a positive or a negative charge. An ion is formed when the number of e’ is not equal to the Read more…
Chemistry The study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter, the processes that matter undergoes, any energy changes that accompany these processes Organic chemistry The study of most carbon containing compounds Inorganic chemistry The study of non-organic substances, many of which have organic fragments bonded to metals Physical chemistry Read more…
Grain alcohol Ethyl alcohol or ethanol C2H5OH Wood alcohol Methyl alcohol or methanol CH3OH Ammonia water Ammonium hydroxide solution NH4OH Aqua Fortis Eau forte Aqua Fuerte Concentrated nitric acid HNO3 Aqua Regia 1 part Nitric acid + 3 parts Hydrochloric acid Baking soda Sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3 Baryte Barium hydroxide Ba(OH)2 Read more…