Synaptic cleft by Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) What degrades Acetylcholine and where? Acetylcholine What is the most widespread neurotransmitter in the nervous system? -Motor neurons of spinal cord to innervate muscle of body -Motor neurons of cranial nerves to innervate muscles of head/neck What nerves use Acetylcholine? -Autoimmune disorder, antibodies block AChR Read more…
Acetylcholine MADE FROM: Dietary choline Acetylcholine MECHANISM: Excitatory & Inhibitory Acetylcholine LOCATION: Autonomic Nervous System Motor Neurons CNS Acetylcholine FUNCTION: Visceral function Movement Memory Acetylcholine DISORDER: Myasthenia gravis Alzheimer’s Disease (too little ACh) –> Plaques & Tangles! Beta-amyloid Plaques Neurofibrillary Tangles Glutamate MADE FROM: Amino Acid Glutamate MECHANISM: Excitatory Glutamate Read more…
neurochemistry focuses on the basic chemical composition and processes of the nervous system neuropharmacology is the study of compounds that selectively affect the nervous system EP or adrenaline chemical messenger that acts as a hormone to mobilize the body for fight or flight during times of stress and as a Read more…
Acetylcholine 1. Pontomesencephalic Tegmentum 2. Basal Forebrain (Nucleus Basalis of Meynert) and Medial Septum Norepinephrine 1. Locus Ceruleus in pons 2. Lateral Tegmentum of pons 3. Lateral/ventrolateral tegmentum of medulla Serotonin 1. Raphe nucleus of brainstem 2. Rostral Raphe: dorsal raphe-> ascending projections 3. Caudal Raphe: Raphe pallidus and raphe Read more…
GABA meaning Gamma amino-butyric acid Major inhibitory transmitter in brain GABA synthesis Enzyme=glutamic acid decarboxylase COOH removed from glutamic acid to make GABA GABA inactivation Reuptake=major means of inactivation Broken down by GABA-transaminase Catabolism blocked by gamma vinyl GABA GABA receptor subtypes 2 receptor subtypes A=ligand-gated ion channel B=GPCR GABA-A Read more…
What is the role of the amygdala? emotions, memory, decision making The amygdala receives inputs from which areas of the brain? sensory cortex and sensory thalamus (and hippocampus) The amygdala sends outputs to which areas involved in fear response? (3) lateral hypothalamus = sympathetic activation; tachycardia, pupil dilation, blood pressure Read more…
neurotransmitter characteristics 1) vesicle storage 2) Ca dependent release 3) interaction with postsynaptic target *interaction with target should illicit uniform response neuromodulator almost meets all of criteria of neurotransmitter but some discrepancy have slow and long lasting effects forming vesicle in presynaptic terminal ex. choline taken in through membrane, form Read more…
Dendrites – Multiple per cell forming arbors, non/spiny; clustered near soma; highly plastic – Organise, respond, synthesise inputs to neuron DNA nucleus contains the DNA (DNA the same in every nucleus).. Chromatin determines cell expression ie. what gene is what Process of DNA –> protein DNA transcribed to mRNA mRNA Read more…
what are the three protective features of the brain? the blood brain barrier, the bony skull, and the cerebral spinal fluid, which provides cushioning for the brain what is an example of a leak channel potassium leak channels, which allow potassium out of the cell with the concentration gradient and Read more…
synthesis of Ach Acetyl CoA + choline via choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) Elimination of Ach via acetylcholinesterase to choline and acetate (choline is re-used) synthesis of dopamine tyrosine –> DOPA via tyrosine hydroxylase –> dopamine by decarbosylase elimination of dopamine via transport into presynaptic element and then into the surrounding glial Read more…
acetylcholine synthesis: enzyme + choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholenzyme A+choline+acetyltransferases breakdown: acetylcholinesterase breaks it back down receptors: nicotinic receptors – bound by nicotine, found in brain and muscle cells muscarinic receptors – bound by muscarine neurochemicals neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, neuro-hormones, neuromodulators neurotransmitters chemical signals that are used to talk from one neuron to Read more…
AO1 Desensitisation hypothesis- Role of nAChRs; Desensitisation; Effect of dopamine Nicotine regulation model- Resensitisation of neurons leads to upregulation, Upregulation leads to withdrawal syndrome, Chronic desensitisation increases tolerance. Desensitisation hypothesis 1. Role of nAChRs- dopamine-producing neurons have acetylcholine receptors that also respond to nicotine. 2. Desensitisation- when nicotine binds to Read more…
Organization of the nervous system CENTRAL PERIPHERAL (divided into autonomic and somatic) Autonomic nervous system Part of the PNS Divided into sympathetic, enteric, and parasympathetic nervous systems Somatic nervous system Part of the PNS Associated with muscles and voluntary control of the movements 5 characteristics of neurotransmitters 1. Chemical must Read more…
What is the primary function of ACh? muscle control, memory formation, sensory response Give an example(s) of what ACh does? decreases HR, increases secretions, increases memory, increases muscle contraction What is the primary funciton of Serotonin? intestinal movement control, mood regulation, apetite, sleep, muscle control Give an example(s) of what Read more…
Neurotransmitter The function of a/an ______ depends on what region it innervates and its receptor Acetylcholine Attention and memory; N.trans. Basal Nucleus Where acetylcholine is made Acetylcholine Sugar + Choline from Lecithin Norepinephrine Arousal/Wake up; N. trans. Norepinephrine Regulates communication between brain and body to control metabolism Locus Coeruleus Where Read more…
Increased release induces epilepsy aspartate & glutamate Classified as an excitatory neurotransmitter aspartate & glutamate Classified as an inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA & glycine Classified as a peptide neurotransmitter endorphins & substance P Classified as a catecholamine (NOT acetylcholine!) dopamine, epinephrine & norepinephrine Made primarily in the brainstem substantial nigra dopamine Read more…
Three Characteristics of Neurotransmitters Stored in Presynaptic Vesicles Released in Ca²⁺-dependent manner Capable of interacting with a membrane-bound receptor to produce an effect Small Molecule Nuerotransmitters Acetylcholine, Amino Acids and Amino Acid Derivatives Two Types of NT’s and EM Appearance SMALL MOLECULE – Appear as clear vesicles PEPTIDE – Appear Read more…
Neurotransmitter Is a chemical released from a neurone, it travels across the synapses and is received by another neurone Excitatory Trigger the receiving neurone to send an impulse and stimulate the brain Excitatory effects Effect our behaviour that is associated with motivation, high levels of dopamine are associated with schizophrenia Read more…
Neurochemistry Any chemical that are in the brain. Ex) Myeline, cell membrane, etc. Neurotransmitter A chemical molecules that transmits messages between neurons. Otto Loewi & Sir Henry Dale Two scientists who won the Nobel prize in 1936 for discovering the first neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Frog Heart Experiment An experiment conducted by Read more…
what is neuroplasticity the brain’s ability to reorganize itself by forming new connections between dendrites; changes in the spine/thorn morphology of the dendrites are associated with learning and memory. What is the function of the hypothallamus? Responsible for regulating basic biological needs: hunger, thirst, temperature control what is the function Read more…