Three Characteristics of Neurotransmitters Stored in Presynaptic Vesicles Released in Ca²⁺-dependent manner Capable of interacting with a membrane-bound receptor to produce an effect Small Molecule Nuerotransmitters Acetylcholine, Amino Acids and Amino Acid Derivatives Two Types of NT’s and EM Appearance SMALL MOLECULE – Appear as clear vesicles PEPTIDE – Appear Read more…
Neurotransmitter Is a chemical released from a neurone, it travels across the synapses and is received by another neurone Excitatory Trigger the receiving neurone to send an impulse and stimulate the brain Excitatory effects Effect our behaviour that is associated with motivation, high levels of dopamine are associated with schizophrenia Read more…
Neurochemistry Any chemical that are in the brain. Ex) Myeline, cell membrane, etc. Neurotransmitter A chemical molecules that transmits messages between neurons. Otto Loewi & Sir Henry Dale Two scientists who won the Nobel prize in 1936 for discovering the first neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Frog Heart Experiment An experiment conducted by Read more…
what is neuroplasticity the brain’s ability to reorganize itself by forming new connections between dendrites; changes in the spine/thorn morphology of the dendrites are associated with learning and memory. What is the function of the hypothallamus? Responsible for regulating basic biological needs: hunger, thirst, temperature control what is the function Read more…
Parts of the standard neuron Inputs, dendrites, soma, myelinated axon, nodes, terminal, synapse Where are the neurotransmitters held? In the synaptic terminal What is exocytosis dependent on and why? Ca2+ concentration – calcium ions cause vesicles to fuse with the presynaptic membrane Mechanism of exocytosis Vesicles dock with specialized proteins Read more…
acetylcholine synthesized from DIETARY choline, foods high in choline are eggs, meats, beans, green veggies motor neurons of cranial nerves do what.. innervate muscles of the head and neck motor neurons of the spinal nerves do what.. innervate muscle of the body myasthenia gravis autoimmune disorder, causes muscle weakness when Read more…
Acetylcholine (ACh) Most widespread Neurotransmitter in nervous system Degraded in synaptic cleft From dietary choline Made by motor neurons (think about muscle weakness) Role in alertness/memory (think Alzheimer’s) What is Myasthenia gravis Autoimmune destruction of ACh receptors (block AChr) muscle weakness AChR blockers can also cause: Paralysis Alzheimer’s disease death Read more…
psychoactive drugs mind-altering substances that people typically take for recreational purposes and change the brain’s neurochemistry either by mimicking neurotransmitters or changing the activity of a neurotransmitter system it imitates or activates stimulants drugs that increase behavioral and mental activity stimulate central nervous system activate sympathetic nervous system(heart rate) activate Read more…
chemical transmission neurons receive, integrate, and send electrochemical information – receive: EFSPs and IPSPs – integrate: summation at axon hillock – send: action potential and the release of chemicals history of the synapse 1) Sherrington – proposed the concept of a synapse 2) Loewi – believed chemical communication between neurons Read more…
Khaled (2009) – Long term smoking had adverse effects on mood. – Brain’s neurochemistry starts to alter. – Depression – Luke and Tash: In China, its more on women. Di Franza (2008) – Brain quickly synthesise to nicotine. – Neutral changes, 25%
categories of neurochemicals -neurotransmitter (released by neurons) -neuromodulator (released by neurons) -neuropeptide (released by neurons) -neurohormone (released by neurons) -hormone Ionotropic transmitter-gated ion channels metabotropic G-protein coupled receptors -2nd messenger system termination of nt effect -reuptake -enzymatic deactivation -diffusion (rarely) ACh -acetylcholine -primary NT secreted by output CNS cells -pons: Read more…
Understand how it was discovered that chemicals are used for communication between neurons Otto Loewi resolves debate: Question: Do neurons release a chemical to communicate with other cells, or is the communication based on electrical signals? Experiment: Stimulate the vagus nerve to slow the heart. Collect fluid from around the Read more…
Ionotropic Receptor -Type of receptor that, when stimulated, immediately opens an ion channel Ionotropic Receptor -Type of receptor that is associated with a ligand-activated ion channel Metabotropic Receptor -Type of receptor that, when stimulated, does not immediately open an ion channel Metabotropic Receptor -Type of receptor that is associated with Read more…
Three Characteristics of Neurotransmitters -Stored in Presynaptic Vesicles -Released in Ca²⁺-dependent manner -Capable of interacting with a membrane-bound receptor to produce an effect Additionally, a substance that meets these criteria and also interacts with the receptors to produce the same physiological effect as activations of presynaptic axons is considered to Read more…
ACh NT for Neurons connected to voluntary muscle contraction Heart beat Attention, sleep, memory, mood Basal Nucleus of Meynert Many cell bodies producing ACh Parkinson’s Disease with decrease in ACh releasing neurons GABA Amino acid inhibits neuron firing Benzodiazepines anticonvulsants Increase GABA activity Huntington’s disease GABA pathology Glutamate AA Excitatory Read more…
NT (compared to hormone) shorter distance, latency, duration more focal *small molecules* classical NT amino acids glutamate (GABA) gamma-aminobutyric acid glycine amines modified AA acetylcholine biogenic: (catecholamine) DA, NE, EPI 5-HT, histamine *large molecules* peptides strings of AA, [smallest] in brain opioids: analgesic; internal heroin beta-endorphin, leu-enkephalin, met-enkephalin, dynorphin substance Read more…
what happens at the synapse? chemical communication between the neurons; chemical signals crossing the synapse from the presynaptic membrane to the postsynaptic membrane exogenous outside the body neurochemistry focuses on the basic chemical composition and processes of the nervous system neurotransmitters chemicals released onto target cells in the CNS neurpharmocology Read more…
Sensory receptor cells transduce specific classes of physical, mechanical or chemical information cell membrane the part of the neuron that generally receives these chemical signals, in the form of the neurotransmitters that have been released, and then generates and conducts an electrical signal (i.e., potentials) generated by ions that flow Read more…
Phases of Drug Development Discovery & Pre-clinical development, support from the government, phase 1 trials for safety, phase 2 trials for better doses and schedules, phase 3 trials — give to patients and see if helpful, marketing & approval Problems with Psychopharmacological Treatments Messy – we don’t know what receptors Read more…
What are 3 ways of clearing NTs from synaptic cleft? 1. Presyn uptake (endocytosis) 2. Enz degradation 3. Astrocyte/glial transport What are the amino acid NTs? Glutamate, arginine GABA, glycine What are glutamate’s 3 receptors and main function? NMDA: Ca2+ in AMPA: Non-Ca2+ influx Kainate NMDA, AMPA: ionotropic Hallucinogens such Read more…