Radioactivity Process by which nuclei of unstable isotopes emit radiation Subatomic Particles in the Nucleus In the nucleus of an atom, there are protons (p+) and neutrons (n0) Radioisotope An unstable isotope that is subject to radioactive decay Radioactive Decay The breaking down of an unstable atomic nucleus to produce Read more…
Chernobyl site of 1986 nuclear disaster gamma decay nuclear radiation that has no mass and no charge half life the time required for half of a sample of a radioactive isotope to break down by radioactive decay to form a daughter isotope alpha the type of radiation that can be Read more…
Atomic Theory A theory that states: 1. Atoms are the fundamental unit of matter 2. Atoms are very small 3. Atoms are very numerous 4. There are about 110 types of atoms called elements (see Periodic Table) 5. All atoms of the same element are identical in number of protons Read more…
nuclear stability the larger a nucleus is, the harder it is for it to stay together Natural decay/ natural transmutation when a nucleus is radioactive it gives off decay particles and changes from one element to another. Natural radioactivity spontaneous disintegration of the nucleus of an atom, with the emission Read more…
alpha particle a type of nuclear radiation consisting of two protons and two neutrons beta particle a high-speed electron or positron emitted in the decay of a radioactive isotope gamma ray high-energy radiation that has no electrical charge and no mass, half life the period of time in which half Read more…
Nuclear reaction A reaction in which the nucleus of an atom is changed affecting the identity of that element What are some differences between chemical reactions and nuclear reactions? Elements may be changed in a nuclear reaction but are only rearranged in a chemical reaction What is the strong nuclear Read more…
electromagnetic radiation (EMR) high energy particles with no mass given off by different objects photons “packet” of energy that moves through space, all types of EMR fall into one of these “packets” electromagnetic spectrum (EMS) entire range of possible energies given off my EMR Non-ionizing radiation low energy radiation, not Read more…
At Equilibrium C) The forward reaction rate is equal to the reserve reaction rate A very high value of the equilibrium constant for a reaction indicates that B) Products are favored If the concentration of reactants is higher A) The reaction rate is generally higher An increase in temperature generally Read more…
nuclear reaction a reaction that affects the nucleus of an atom radioactive decay the disintegration of an unstable atomic nucleus into one or more different nuclides, accompanied by the emission of radiation, the nuclear capture or ejection of electrons, or fission alpha particle a positively charged atom that is released Read more…
Niel’s Bohr • In 1913 Niels’ Bohr, a Danish physicist proposed a new model for the hydrogen atom •He proposed that the electron has certain orbits that it has to stay in that circle the nucleus •The orbits can also be called ATOMIC ENERGY LEVELS Niels Bohr •An electron can Read more…
Most chemical reactions involve The exchange or shafing of electrons which does not affect the nucleus How is nuclear chemistry different than other chemical reactions? Bc it involves changes in the nucleus Transmutation When the nucleus of one element is changed into the nucleus of a different element Which means Read more…
Discovery of Radiation Henri Becquerel 1896 – wrapped photographic film in black paper, put uranium on top and left it in the sun – the photograph was “exposed” so he figured the uranium had absorbed and emitted sunlight – did same experiment on cloudy day…film was still exposed – concluded Read more…
2 Types of Nuclear Reactions 1. Radioactive Decay 2. Nuclear Bombardment (Particle Accelerator) Proton Particle ∆Z=-1, ∆A=-1 Neutron Particle ∆Z=0, ∆A=-1 Beta Particle ∆Z=+1, ∆A=0 Positron (+ electron) ∆Z=-1, ∆A=0 Alpha Particle ∆Z=-2, ∆A=-4 Gamma Particle ∆Z=0, ∆A=0 Deuteron ∆Z=-1, ∆A=-2 Tritium ∆Z=-1, ∆A=-3 Predict Stability-Magic Numbers Stable Predict Stability-Even Read more…
Nuclear Reactions Transformations of atomic nuclei that can involve enormous changes in energy. Roughly 13% of electricity worldwide comes from nuclear power plants. i.e. Energy of stars and created by nuclear power plants. (908) Flashcard… Table 21.1 (912), Table 21.3 (913), figure 21.15 (933), Table 21.9 (941) Nucleons Subatomic particles Read more…
radioactivity the emission of subatomic particles or high energy waves by some nuclei of some atoms radioactive atoms which spontaneously emit subatomic particles or high energy waves phosphorescence long-lived emission of light after the absorption of light nuclide isotope which exhibits nuclear ability alpha decay (α) radioactive decay which emits Read more…
nuclear fission (splitting; energy released) The splitting of an unstable nucleus into two or more lighter more stable nuclei and releasing energy. nuclear fusion (combining) The combining of two lighter nuclei into one heavier nucleus resulting into energy. What is the heavier nucleus that is created in fusion? helium The Read more…
Willhelm Roentgen (1845-1923) discovered X-rays, a high energy form of light (1895) Henri Becquerel (1852-1909) found that uranium ores emit radiation that can pass through objects (like x-rays) and affect photographic plates (1896) Marie Sklodowska Curie (1867-1934) Marie and Pierre worked with Becquerel to understand radioactivity. Shared a Nobel prize Read more…
nucleon protons/neutrons in atomic nuclei/nuclide nuclide atom identified by what is in the nucleus (protons/neutrons) mass defect difference between the mass of an atom and the sum of the masses of its particles. nuclear binding energy energy released when a nucleus is formed from nucleons-causes mass defect. amount of energy Read more…
protons and neutrons atomic nuclei are made of _____________ nucleons protons and neutrons are collectively called _______ nuclide in nuclear chemistry, an atom is referred to as a(n) _________ protons and neutrons the nuclide is identified as the number of ________________ in its nucleus mass defect the difference of the Read more…
thermochemistry the study of the transfers of energy as heat that accompany chemical reactions and physical changes calorimeter a device used to measure the heat absorbed or released in a chemical or physical change temperature the average kinetic energy of the individual particles joule the SI unit of heat and Read more…