fossil fuels coal, natural gas, and petroleum petroleum a complex mixture of alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkenes, and aromatic hydrocarbons formed underground over millions of years from the remains of plants and animals crude oil the form of petroleum pumped from the ground; contains more than 20,000 compounds, almost all of them Read more…
Molecular formula The actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule Structural formula Shows the atoms carbon by carbon and the attached hydrogens and functional groups Displayed formula Shows how all the atoms are arranged and all the bonds between them Empirical formula The simplest whole number ration Read more…
conc. H₂SO₄, heat E1 Alcohol –> Alkene regioselective – more substituted double bond stereoselective – trans(E)>cis(Z) Rearrangement around tertiary alcohol HCl Sn1 Alcohol –> Alkyl halide regioselective – tertiary alcohol HBr (3) Sn1/Sn2: Alcohol –> Alkyl halide Sn1- secondary and tertiary, Sn2 – primary Free Radical: Alkene –> alkyl bromide Read more…
Carboxylic Acid Derivatives (in order from most reactive to least reactive) Acid Halides Anhydrides Esters Amides Chemically Made Acid Halides Anhydrides Crucial to Biological Life Esters Amides Rules of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives Can all be turned back into carboxylic acid w H2O (hydrolysis) Can’t go backwards (amide to halide) Can Read more…
Select the true statement: You expect water to have a higher boiling point that octane Aldehydes are reduced to form what type of compound? A primary alcohol The boiling point of a branched alkane is generally ____ that of the straight chain alkane with the same number of atoms Lower Read more…
Linear number of bonds: 2 Number of lone pairs:0 Bond angle:180 degrees Trigonal Planar Number of Bonds:3 Number of lone pairs:0 Bond Angle:120 degrees Trigonal Planar, bent Number of Bonds:2 Number of lone pairs:1 Bond angle:117.3 Tetrahedral Number of Bonds:4 Number of lone pairs:0 Bond angle:109.5 Trigonal Pyramidial Number of Read more…
addition reaction a chemical reaction in which one molecule is added to another alcohol any of a series of volatile hydroxyl compounds that are made from hydrocarbons by distillation aldehyde any of a class of highly reactive chemical compounds alicyclic an aliphatic cyclic hydrocarbon such as a cycloalkane or cycloalkene Read more…
different compounds with the same molecular formula are called what? isomers alkanes are called saturated or unsaturated? saturated the simplest organic compound containing only hydrogen and carbon are called? hydrocarbon the what increases as the hydrocarbons increase its molar mass? boiling point and melting point during an excess oxygen combustion Read more…
Alkene to alcohol? Conc H2SO4/H2O heat Alkene to diol? MnO4/H+ Alcohol to alkene? Conc H2SO4 heat Primary alcohol to aldehyde? Cr2O7 2-/H+ heat Alcohol to haloalkane? SOCl2 Alkene + H+/MNO4-? Diol Alkene + conc H2SO4/H2O heat? Alcohol Alcohol + conc H2SO4 heat? Alkene Primary alcohol + Cr2O7 2-/H+ heat? Aldehyde Read more…
plastic a material capable of being shaped or formed, usually an organic material of high molecular weight polymer a chemical molecule made up of repeating links of smaller identical molecules. “macro-molecules” are plastics polymers? all plastics are polymers, but not all polymers are plastics examples of nonplastic polymers wood, wool, Read more…
Haloalkane to alcohol Substitution, KOH (aq) or NaOH (aq) needed Haloalkane to amine Substitution, conc NH3 needed Alkene to alcohol Addition, H2O needed with a catalyst of h+, h2SO4 and heat Alcohol to alkene Elimination. Conc. H2SO4 needed Alcohol to haloalkane Substitution. PCl3, PCl5 or SOCl2 needed Alkene to haloalkane Read more…
ester a derivative of a carbonxylic acid in which the OH is replaced by the OR from and alcohol. ether an organic compound in which the oxygen is bonded to two carbon groups isomer compounds that have the same molecular formula but different molecular structure. monomer a simple molecule that Read more…
Halo alkane to an Amine (Substitution rxn) NH3(alc) Alkane to Halo alkane (Substitution rxn) Br2/UV Alkene to Alkane (Addition rxn) Pt/H2 or Ni/H2 Alkane to Alkene (Elimination rxn) -H2 Alkene to Halo alkane 1 (Addition rxn) Br2(aq) Alkene to Polymer (Addition rxn) Alkene to Alkyne (Elimination rxn) -H2 Alkyne to Read more…
methane CH4 ethane C2H6 propane C3H8 butane C4H10 pentane C5H12 Hexane C6H14 Heptane C7H16 Octane C8H18 Nonane C9H20 Decane C10H22 alkanes contains only single bonds cycloalkanes alkanes with carbon bonded in rings alkenes contains atlas one double bond alkynes contains atlas one triple bond Two types of hydrocarbons aliphatic and Read more…
No student is allowed to work in the lab without the supervision of an instructor No unauthorized experiment is permitted alteration/modification of the lab procedure is not allowed unless it has been checked and okay-ed by your instructor. Eating, drinking, and chewing gum are not allowed in the lab. Chewing Read more…
2 Broad Categories How many categories are compounds divided into? Organic and Inorganic Compounds The two categories of compounds into these. Organic This compound contains carbon atoms that are covalent my bonded to carbon and to other elements. Living Things An organic compound is a compound that contains carbon and Read more…
What is a single bond called? Alkane Are single bonds saturated or unsaturated? saturated Are double/triple bonds saturated or unsaturated? unsaturated What is a double bond called? Alkene What is a triple bond called? Alkyne What is the formula for single bonds? CnH2n+2 What is the formula for double bonds? Read more…
alkane R-H (CH₃CH₃) alkene Functional group: double bond alkyne functional group: triple bond aromatic compound functional group: phenyl alkyl halide functional group: -X (halo group) alcohol R-OH functional group: -OH (hydroxy group) ether R-O-R functional group: -OR (alkoxy group) amine R-NH₂ (primary amine) R₂NH (secondary amine) R₃N (tertiary amine) functional Read more…
Elements vs. Compounds element- matter made up of only 1 type of atom compound- elements combined in fixed ratio Macro elements vs micro elements (ex) macro- elements needed in large amounts (NaCl) micro- elements needed in small quantities (Zn) subatomic particles protons, neutrons, electrons Isotopes Atoms of the same element Read more…
Carbon An organic compound has ________ as the central atom Graphite, diamond, (buckminsterfullerene) 3 forms (allotropes) of Carbon (the 3rd one is weird and I ain’t even gonna bother trying to memorize it) 4 Carbon has ______ valence electrons never Carbon ________ has a nonbonding pair of electrons on it Read more…