energy the ability to do work or bring about change kinetic energy Energy of motion potential energy energy that is stored chemical energy A form of potential energy that is stored in chemical bonds between atoms. mechanical energy the energy associated with the motion and position of everyday objects heat Read more…
law of conservation of mass States that matter can be neither destroyed nor created during ordinary chemical reactions or physical changes law of definite proportions The fact that a chemical compounds contains the same elements in exactly the same proportions by mass regardless of the size of the sample or Read more…
Define statistical thermodynamics. Statistical thermodynamics ties classical thermodynamics to what is known about molecules, through averages over many different molecules. Define correspondence principle. The correspondence principle is the idea that as object get larger and larger, quantum mechanics must turn into classical mechanics. True or False: Quantum mechanics is an Read more…
phase form of matter that is uniform throughout in chemical composition and physical state phase transition a spontaneous conversion of one phase to another at (T,p). metastable phase graphite thermodynamically stable phase diamond polymorph different orientation of solid phases
matter anything that has mass and takes up space element a substance that cannot be separated or broken down into simpler substancesby chemical means; all atoms of an element have the same atomic number atom the smallest unit of an element that maintains the properties of that element compound a Read more…
define the word chemical A substance that has a definite composition how does the composition of a pure compound differ from that of a mixture The proportions of elements in a pure substance are fixed defined property how are properties useful in classifying material A property is any characteristic of Read more…
isothermal process Occurs under constant temperature isobaric process Occurs under constant pressure Isochoric process Occurs under constant volume isolated system A system that exchanges neither matter nor energy with its surroundings. closed system 1. A system that does not exchange matter, but does exchange energy with its surroundings. 2. Same Read more…
Microstate the instantaneous positon,momentum and internal state of all the particles in a system or the wave function for the entire system Ensemble a collection of microstates with a given macroscopic state of a system. One can also imagine a very large number of replicas of the system, all with Read more…
Define ‘ionic bonding’ The attraction between oppositely charged ions, which are formed by the transfer of electrons from one atom to another Define ‘covalent bonding’ A pair of electrons shared between two atoms Define ‘dative covalent bond’ A pair of electrons shared between two atoms, one of which provides both Read more…
Compared to electrons and protons what mass are electrons 1/1840th Relative atomic mass The average mass of an element relative to 1/12th the mass of an atom of carbon-12 How many particles does 1 mole contain 6.023 x 10^23 Stages in TOF MS Ionisation, acceleration, ion drift, detection How are Read more…
Rate of reaction (Definition and Formula) the change in concentration of substance X over the time it took for substance X to undergo this change Rate = change in [X]/change moles/L/s Is Rate concentration dependent? yes How does concentration effect the rate of a reaction? Change in concentration is linked Read more…
what are a) Acids, alkalis and salts b) Energetics c) Rates of reaction d) Equilibria Acids, alkalis and salts 4.1 describe the use of the indicators litmus, phenolphthalein and methyl orange to distinguish between acidic and alkaline solutions 4.2 understand how the pH scale, from 0-14, can be used to Read more…
what is activation energy? the minimum energy required to start a reaction by breaking bonds in the reactants what are standard conditions and standard states? (standard sets of conditions, temperature and pressure, for experimental measurements established to allow comparisons to be made between different sets of data) 100kPa, 298K, 1moldm⁻³ Read more…
What are physical properties? Properties of matter that does not change the chemical nature. determined without destroying matter observe with our senses. What are chemical properties? properties of matter that do change the chemical nature. matter will be changed into a new substance after the reaction 5 SENSES= physical properties Read more…
Physical Property A property that can be observed/measured without alterting the identity of the substance. Examples of Physical Properties -volume -density -mass -ductility -size -Temperature -odor -luster -texture -malleable -boiling/freezing/melting point -solubility Chemical Properties Characteristics that can be measured/observed with altering the composition of the substance. Examples of Chemical Properties Read more…
Gas state of matter which neither definite shape nor definite volume Equation of State thermodynamic equation relating state variables which describes the state of matter under a given set of physical conditions when was first description of equation of states seen 300 years ago Boyle’s Law 1662, Constant T, P Read more…
Chemical Changes Changes in matter that create new substances. Physical Changes Changes in matter that change the appearance of a substance, but does not change its chemical composition (molecules). Nuclear Changes Changes in matter that involve splitting or combining the center of two atoms. Physical Change What type of Change? Read more…
physical change change that does not alter the identity of a substance physical property property that can be observed without changing the identity of the substance change of state a physical change of a substance from one state to anther chemical change a change in which one or more substances Read more…
Define wavenumber Reciprocal of the wavelength (m^-1) Define quanta small packets of energy (light) which transfer energy What does the line in an emission spectrum correspond to? The difference in energy between the electronic energy levels Define quantised When electrons have a fixed energy What is the name of the Read more…
Chemistry is the study of……and the……it undergoes. matter……changes Matter is anything that has…..and takes up……. mass…..space What is matter? What is not? People, air, buildings. Light, heat, sound. Define Organic Chemistry study of compounds containing carbon Define Inorganic Chemistry study of substances that generally don’t contain matter Define Analytical Chemistry Read more…