Fundamentals of Genetics

Passing of traits from parents to offspring

Branch of biology that studies heredity

A cross between individuals that involves one pair of contrasting traits

All of the offspring display only one form of a particular trait

First two individuals crossed in a breeding experiment

Offspring of the P generation

Offspring of the F1 generation

Different forms of a gene

Describes a trait that covers over, or dominates, another form of that trait.

An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present

An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait

An organism that has two different alleles for a trait

Set of alleles an individual has (BB, Bb,bb)

An organism’s physical appearance, or visible traits.

First law of heredity stating that pairs of alleles for a trait separate when gametes are formed.

The alleles of different genes separate independently of one another during gamete formation

A genetically determined variant of a characteristic

A cross that involves two pairs of contrasting traits.

A diagram that predicts the outcomes of a genetic cross.

Crossing an unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive to determine the other genotype (dominant could be YY or Yy)

The likelihood that a particular event will occur

Fraction of genotypes that appear in offspring

When Heterozygous plants and homozygous dominant plats have the same phenotype

the transfer of pollen grains from an anther to the stigma of the same flower or to the stigma of another flower on the same plant

When an individual displays a trait that is intermediate between the two parents.

When both alleles for a trait are expressed in heterozygous individuals. Both alleles are equal (AB).

Fraction of the phenotypes that will appear in the offsprings

Occurs between flowers of two plants.

Study of the structure and function of chromosomes and genes

The transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma.