Each nation specialized in a product for which its opportunity cost is lower in terms of the production of another product and the nations trade.
Free trade
Benefits a nation as a whiling but individuals may lose jobs and incomes from the competition from foreign goods and services.
Protectionism
A government’s use of embargoes, tariffs, quotas, and other methods to protect particular domestic industries by imposing barriers that reduce imports.
Embargo
Prohibits the import or export of particular goods.
Tariff
Discourages imports by making them more expensive.
Balance of payments
A summary bookkeeping record of all the international transactions
Balance of trade
Measures only merchandise goods (not services) that a nation exports and imports. It is the most widely reported and largest part of the current account
Exchange Rate
Is the price of one nation’s currency in terms of another nation’s currency. The intersection of the supply and demand curves for dollars determines the number of units of a foreign currency per dollar
Depreciation of Currency
Occurs when a currency becomes worth fewer units of another currency
Appreciation of currency
occurs when a currency becomes worth more units of another currency
Quota
A limit on the quantity of a good that may be imported in a given time period
Economic system
The set of established procedures by which s society answers the What, How, and For whom to produce goods questions
Traditional economy
Based on decisions made according to customs
Command economy
Answers the three economic questions through some some powerful central authority.
Market economy
Uses the impersonal mechanism of the interaction of buyers and seller through markets to answer the what, how, and for whom questions
Capitalism
An economic system in which the factors of production are privately owned, and economic choices are made by consumers and firms in markets
Consumer sovereignty
The determination by consumers of the types and quantities of products that are produced in an economy
Socialism
Describes and economy which the government owns the factors of production. The central authorities make the myriad of society’s economic decisions according to a national plan
Communism
An economic system envisioned by Karl Marx to be an ideal society in which the workers own all the factors of production. Marx believed that workers who worked hard would be public spirited and voluntarily redistribute income to those who are less productive.
Invisible hand
A phrase that expresses the belief that the best interests of a society are served when individual consumers and producers compete to achieve their own private interests
Mixed economy
An economic system that answers the what, how, and for whom questions through a mixture of traditional, command, and market systems
GDP per capita
The value of final goods produced (GDP) divided by the total population
Industrially advanced countries
High-income nations which have market economies based on large stocks of technologically advanced capital and well-educated labor
Less-developed countries
Nations without large stocks of technologically advanced capital and well educated labor. LDCs are economies based on agriculture such as most countries of Africa, Asia, and Latin America
Vicious circle of poverty
A trap in which countries are poor because they can’t afford to save and invest, but they can’t save and invest because they are poor.
Infrastructure
Capital goods usually provided by the government, including highways, bridges, waste and water systems, and airport
Foreign Aide
The transfer of money or resources from one government to another for which no repayment is required
Agency for International development
The agency of the U.S. State department that is in charge of U.S. aid to foreign countries
World bank
Is the lending agency that makes long-term low-interest loans and provides technical assistance to less-developed countries
International Monetary Fund
Is the lending agency that makes short-term conditional low-interest loans to developing countries
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