AP Chm 19: Radioactivity and Nuclear Chemistry

the emission of subatomic particles or high energy waves by some nuclei of some atoms

atoms which spontaneously emit subatomic particles or high energy waves

long-lived emission of light after the absorption of light

isotope which exhibits nuclear ability

radioactive decay which emits an alpha particle, atomic number goes down by 2 and mass goes down by 4 amu

radioactive particle consisting of 2 protons and 2 neutrons (charged Helium)

an equation which represents a nuclear reaction using symbols to show the type of decay

the ability of radiation to ionize other molecules and ions, alpha particles have the highest ionizing power

the ability of radiation to go through material, alpha particles have the lowest penetrating power

when an unstable nucleus emits an electron

a neutron changes into a proton and emits an electron, atomic number goes up by 1 and atomic mass remains unchanged

nuclear emission, high energy can be emitted along with the particle decay

not a particle, high energy EMR

antiparticle of the electron, a proton is converted to a neutron and emits a positron

nucleus absorbs a particle if it is an electron then the proton absorbs the electron and becomes a neutron

force of nucleons to attract each other, must overcome the repulsive force of the protons to repel each other, nucleons occupy energy levels

protons and neutrons, N/Z (number of neutrons/number of protons)

incredibly stable nuclei with N/Z ratios close to 1 for small atoms, if N and Z are both even then it is more stable, If N or Z are 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82 or N=126 then it is uniquely stable

badge made of photographic film in a case which is worn outside clothing to register radiation levels

particles pass through an argon filled chamber which ionizes the argon and creates an electric current causing the Geiger counter to go off

radioactive material passes through a material which emits UV or Visible light which is then detected and registered on a meter

using the predictable decay of radioactive isotopes to determine the age of the matter which contains it

based on C-14 isotope, half life = 5730 years

bombarding a nucleus with a neutron to split the nucleus into two different elements

nuclear fission of atoms in matter which continues with the emission of neutrons splitting other nuclei and continues until no more splitting can occur

the mass of radioactive material needed to make spontaneous fission continue

the difference in mass of stable atoms which is mass of isotope – the sum of the masses of its nucleons.

the energy corresponding to the mass defect

the combination of two light nuclei to form a heavier nucleus

transformation of one element into another. the alchemists wanted to transmute mercury into gold

a single stage accelerator in which a charged particle (proton) is accelerated in a evacuated tube

alternating charged tubes which would accelerate the charged particle on its path

the amount of energy multiplied to the type of radiation to determine the effective damage of that radiation

unit for the energy from radiation corrected with RBE. stands for roentgen equivalent man

radioactive nucleotide attached to compound or mixture which can be tracked as it flows through the body

uses positron nucleotides produced in cyclotrons to image using gamma rays – gives great detail for the glucose in the particular organ