Chemistry unit 4–nuclear chemistry exam review

1. elements may be converted from one to another
2. particles within the nucleus are involved
3. tremendous amounts of energy are released or absorbed (potential energy)
4. rate of reaction is not influenced by external factors

1. no new elements can be produced
2. only the electrons participate
3. relatively small amounts of energy
4. rate of reaction depends on factors such as concentration, temperature, catalyst and pressure

the spontaneously decomposition of a nucleus to form a different nucleus

involve a change in the nucleus of an atom

different atomic forms of all elements

any particle found in the nucleus of an atom (proton&neutron)

has an unstable nucleus and spontaneously emits a particle and decays into another element

any substance that emit particles or energy, especially high-energy particles that cause ionization.

helium nucleus; 2+ charge; low penetration; burn skin severely (symbol)

electron; 1-charge; low to moderate, depending on energy; burn skin severely (symbol)

proton, H nucleus; 1+ charge; low to moderate, depending on energy (symbol)

high-energy electromagnetic radiations such as X-rays; 0; high; burn skin and internal organs even damage DNA (symbol)

neutron; 0; very high; burn skin and internal organs even damage DNA (symbol)

1-20: n/p=1:1
20-83: n/p=1.5:1
83-: not stable

the difference between masses of atoms and the sum of their constituent particles (masses are always less than the sum)

the energy which is converted from the mass deficiency and released.

the time it takes for half of the mass of a radioactive sample to decay, ranges from a fraction of a second to billions of years, and is not affected by external conditions

nuclear reactions in which result a given nuclide undergoes a change in the number of protons, resulting in the formation of a different element

occur in cyclotrons or linear accelerators, carried out by bombarding one nuclide with other nuclides such as neutrons, protons or alpha particles.

a reaction where one large nuclide splits into two or more nuclei of intermediate masses, usually accompanied by the emission of one or more neutrons

a reaction occurs when two or more light-weight nuclei join together to form a heavier nucleus. Produce much more energy than fission

a reaction start with a neutron bombardment and end with the release of neutron, releasing enormous amounts of energy

a reactor control the chain reaction and the resulting energy is harnessed to perform work or produce electricity

contain the fissionable uranium

contains heavy water(D2O)-slow the high-energy neutron. Used to control fission reaction

made up of graphite to absorb high-energy neutrons and control the speed of a nuclear reaction

a reinforce concrete that cover the radioactive substances and prevent them from harming people by radiation

the minimum amount of radioactive material which can sustain a chain reaction

a series of decay in which radioactive element is decomposed in different elements until it produces one stable atom.

the decaying nuclide in one nuclear reaction

the product nuclide in one nuclear reaction

particle accelerator

the excessive heat energy make the equipment meltdown and make nuclear waste leak

a disaster occurred in Russia which the explosion of nuclear reactor results in huge loss of economy and lives

a project which make all the nuclear pollutant deep enough to prevent terrorists

a pollution by pouring hot water and the dissolving gases escape, making fish cannot breathe

1 1 0
n→ p + β
0 1 -1

1 1 0
p→ n + β
1 0 +1

106 0 106
Ag + e → Pd
47 -1 46

226 222 4
Ra → Rn + He
88 86 2