Nuclear Chemistry

atomic nuclei are made of _____________

protons and neutrons are collectively called _______

in nuclear chemistry, an atom is referred to as a(n) _________

the nuclide is identified as the number of ________________ in its nucleus

the difference of the masses of the protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom

the mass defect is caused by the ____________________________________

the mass defect can be converted to energy using _______

energy released when a nucleus is formed from nucleons or energy required to break apart the nucleus

a measure of the stability of a nucleus

the more energy lost=

dalton thought that atoms were ________

the process by which materials emit particles and energy __________

emissions of radioactivity

elements that give off radiation are said to be ____________

scientists show that radioactive elements changed into other elements after _______ _______

some nuclei are unstable and gain stability by emitting radiation through a process called __________________

during __________, atoms tend to attain stability by transferring or sharing electrons; the nuclei remain unchanged

during _________, the nuclei of unstable isotopes gain stability by undergoing changes. theses changes are accompanied by the emission of large amounts of energy

nuclei of unstable isotopes:

nuclear reactions cannot be _________,_______,_______

not chemically different from other isotopes of that element

chemical reactivity depends on what?

illustrates the interconnected nature of matter and energy

matter is related to energy according to ___________

in e=mc², c=?

[alpha particles] have a(n) _______________ nucleus

[alpha particles] contains ____ protons and ___ neutrons

[alpha particles] ________ from nucleus

[alpha particles] charge of …

[alpha particles] restricted almost entirely to ____________

[alpha particles] low penetrating power bc of _________________

sheet of paper or surface of skin will shield them; dangerous when ingested bc they travel a short distance to penetrate tissue and cause damage

a new element is formed when this happens along with the helium-4

atomic and mass numbers are shown

[beta particles] _______ _______ electrons

[beta particles] charge of . . .

[beta particles] ______ __ _____ when neutron is converted to proton and electron

[beta particles] atomic number increases by _____, and the mass number is increased by ____.

[beta particles] less penetrating than alpha particle bc it has __________________

can penetrate paper, but stopped by aluminum foil and thin pieces of wood

for every particle, there is a(n) __________

the antiparticle for electron=

an inner orbital electron is captured by the nucleus of its own atom; inner orbital electron combines with a proton to form a neutron

high energy electromagnetic waves emitted from the nucleus as it changes from an excited state to a ground energy state

[gamma rays] possesses _ _______________ ______ ________ _________

[gamma rays] usually accompany ??

[gamma rays] account for most energy lost during ________________.

[gamma rays] can be __________

penetrate paper, wood, and human body

stopped, although not completely- by several meters of concrete or several cm of lead

α

β

ɣ

the stability of a nucleus depends on what?

displays all stable nuclei

the band of stability ends at element _______

all nuclei that have an atomic number greater than 83 are _______________

an extremely small quantity of mass is converted into ______ released in radioactive decay

every radioisotope has a characteristic rate of decay measured by its ___________

the time required for half the atoms of a radioactive isotope to decay

series of radioactive nuclides produced by successive radioactive decay until a stable nuclide is produced

the heaviest nuclide of each decay series

nuclides produced by the decay of the parent nuclide

the conversion of an atom of one element to an atom of another element

transmutation can occur when…

many transmutations occur in __________

the earliest artificial transmutation was performed by ________

the elements in the periodic table with atomic numbers above 92, the atomic number of uranium, are called ____________

[transuranium elements] all undergo ______

[transuranium elements] none occur in _______

[transuranium elements] all are ______

[transuranium elements] have been synthesized in nuclear _________ and ________

are radioactive nuclides not found naturally on earth

bombardment of stable nuclei with charged and uncharged particles

a very heavy nucleus splits into more stable nuclei of intermediate mass

fission produces enormous amounts of ________

the only 2 fissionable isotopes

a reaction in which the material that starts the reaction is also one of the products and can start another reaction

the minimum amount of nuclide that provides the number of neutrons needed to sustain a chain reaction

uncontrolled chain reactions provide the explosive energy of ________

use controlled-fission chain reactions to produce energy or radioactive nuclides

light-mass nuclei combine to form a heavier, more stable nucleus

fussion releases _______ ______ ____ ______ of fuel than fission

used to provide the heat and pressure necessary to trigger the fusion of the nuclei

radiation emitted by radioisotopes is called______

radiation with enough energy to knock electrons off some atoms of the bombarded substance to produce ______

charged atoms

devices used to detect radiation:

procedure used to detect trace amounts of elements in samples; used by museums to detect art forgeries; used by crime labs to analyze gun-powder residues

radioisotopes used in agriculture to test the effects of herbicides, pesticides, and fertilizers; also monitored in animals that consumes the plants

_______ are used to diagnose medical problems

iodine-131 is used to detect…

technetium-99 is used to detect…

phosphorus-32 us used to detect…

used to kill cancerous cells (gamma rays)

narrow beam of gamma rays is directed at cancerous tissue

salts of radioisotopes are sealed and implanted in _______