Nuclear Chemistry

protons/neutrons in atomic nuclei/nuclide

atom identified by what is in the nucleus (protons/neutrons)

difference between the mass of an atom and the sum of the masses of its particles.

energy released when a nucleus is formed from nucleons-causes mass defect. amount of energy needed to break apart a nucleus

stable nuclei cluster over a range of neutron/proton ratio. most stable ratio nuclei = 1:1

a reaction that affects the nucleus of an atom

a change in the identity of a nucleus as a result of a change in its number of protons

spontaneous disintegration of a nucleus into a lighter nucleus accompanied by emission of particles

particles of electromagnetic radiation emitted from nucleus during radioactive decay

an inner orbital electron is captured by the nucleus of its own atom; inner orbital electron combines with a proton forming a neutron

time required for half the atoms in a radioactive nuclide to decay. more stable nuclides have longer half-lives

series of radioactive nuclides produced by successful radioactive decay until stable nuclide is reached

make artificial radioactive nuclides, bombardment of nuclei with charged and uncharged particles, greater quantities of energy required to penetrate

elements with more than 92 protons in their nuclei. they are all radioactive

unit used to measure nuclear radiation exposure, equal to gamma and X-ray radiation that produces 2 x 10^9 ion pairs through 1 cm^3 of dry air

unit of measure of dose of ionizing radiation, measure of radiation damage to human tissue

film badges or Geiger-muller counters

the exposure of film needed to measure the approximate radiation exposure of people working with radiation

instruments that detect radiation by counting electric pulses carried by gas and ionized by radiation

process where approximate age of an object is determined based on amount of radioactive nuclides present

unusable materials with radioactive isotopes. disposed all around the US with no real solution

nucleus of a heavy atom splits and and produces 2 smaller nuclides. releases energy and produces waste

material that starts reaction is on of the products, triggering more reaction

minimum amount of nuclides that provide neutrons needed to stop chain reaction

Determined why uranium exposed film. Discovered that some nuclei are unstable and spontaniously emit radioation.

The amount of mass missing from a Nuclide after the mass of all of the particles is taken into account. (If you add up the mass of each particle in an atom and compare it to the actual mass of the atom, there is a small amount of missing mass-)

Explained the mass defect with his equation E=mc^2

Electrostatic force pulls nuclei apart

Large nuclei tend to be _______

The number of nucleons in each full level. Nucleons tend to be paired.

Unstable nuclei ejecting particle either naturally or via bombardment in a particle accelerator.

Reactions involving the nucleus of an atom, as opposed to the electrons of an atom.

During radioactive decay, if the atomic number changes the element changes.

emitted or absorbed by an atom, it can liberate a particle from the atom. Includes: cosmic rays, alpha, beta, gamma rays, x-rays and any charged particle moving at relativistic speed.

Any type of radiation that does not carry enough energy per quantum to ionize atoms or molecules. Instead of producing charged ions while passing through matter.

When heavy nuclei split into lighter, more stable nuclei. This occurs in nuclear power plants, as well as in medical applications and radioactive dating.

Light mass nuclei combine to form heavier, more stable nuclei. This occurs in stars like our sun and hydrogen bombs.

Up up down 2/3+2/3-1/3 = 1

Up down down 2/3-1/3-1/3 =0

Change in flavor –> w+z bosons this is beta decay

Electron do interact, photons do not. It is the _____ interacting with electrons that slows them down, giving mass and charge. the photons do not interact with the _______ so no mass and no charge.

Holds nucleons together

Protons plus neutrons (held together by exchanging pions)

An atom defined by its number of protons and neutrons

The amount of mass missing from a nuclide after the mass of each particle is taken into account.

The energy formed from the conversion of mass to energy when the nucleus is formed.

A process in which 2 nuclides collide

When an atom spits out an alpha particle (mass of 4 charge of 2).

When an atom spits out an electron (mass of 0, charge of -1)

When an atom spits out a photon (mass 0, charge 0)

When an atom spits out a positron (mass of 0, charge of 1)

Neutron to proton ratio is too small and a positron can’t be released, so it steals a 1s electron to make a proton a neutron.

Radioactive decay where the atomic number (and therefore the atom) changes.

Radiation that liberates a particle from the atom. IE: cosmic rays, alpha, beta and gamma rays, X-rays etc.

Any type of electromagnetic radiation that does not carry energy per quantum to ionize atoms of molecules.

The amount of time it takes for half of the atoms in an unstable nuclide to decay.

When heavier nuclei split into lighter, more stable nuclei.

Held together by exchanging gluons. One of the two basic constituents of matter. Three of them make up every proton and neutron.

Light particles- truly elementary (ie electron, neutrino, bosons)

Heavy particles (protons and neutrons) made up of smaller particles. Broken down into smaller quarks.

hold nuclei together

Typical field strength is 10-11 times weaker than electromagnetic force and 10-13 times weaker than strong nuclear force. Responsible for positron emission and beta decay.

Responsible for electron mass.

U, U, D

U, D, D

a subatomic particle that bind quarks together. Responsible for color change.

Keep protons and neutrons together,

The graph of the number of neutron plotted against the number of protons.

A series of radioactive nuclides produced by successive radioative decay until a stable nuclide is reached

Unit used to measure the dose of ionizing radiation.

Unit used to measure radiation exposure.

The process by which approximate age of an object is determined based on an amount of certain radioactive nuclides present.

Australian physicist who first described nuclear fission.

An atom identified by its number of protons and neutrons.

Measure of the stability of a nucleus. Conversion of mass to energy when the nucleus is formed.

-> 1:1 1:1.5 1:2.

0
β
+1

0
β
-1

4
a
2

0
ɣ
0

The process of emitting particles and/or energy from nucleus

Who discovered fission? (And Meitner)

discovered the possibility of emission of secondary neutrons and of a chain reaction. He was one of the leaders of the team of physicist on the Manhattan project for the development of nuclear energy and the atomic bomb.

+2/3

-1/3

2/3-1/3-1/3 = 0

2/3-1/3-1/3 =+1

Changes color –> gluons, secondary result is pion exchange

Gluons (strong nuclear force)

Holds nucleons together