Nuclear Chemistry: Unit 5

The exchange or shafing of electrons which does not affect the nucleus

Bc it involves changes in the nucleus

When the nucleus of one element is changed into the nucleus of a different element
Which means the number of protons is changing
(doesn’t happen at your house, not normal)

Ration of neutrons to protons

One:one

More neutrons than protons

83
They are radioactive

Wrong ratio of neutrons to protons
An unstable nucleus decays spontaneously to form protons that are more stable, realeasing radiation

Radioisotopes

Alpha particles
Beta particles
Positrons
Gamma rays

Helium nucleus with two protons and two neutrons

Electrons that came out of the nucleus

Electrons with a positive charge
(Atoms like electrons, same thing but with a positive charge)

Energy

Ability to go through matter

4 u
2+
4 2 He
Low (biggest mass)

0 u
1-
0 -1 e
Moderate

0u
1+
0 -1 e
Moderate

0u
0
0 0 y
High (no mass)

Are deflected toward the negative place

Are deflected toward the positive plate

Not deflected- no charge

Are deflected more than alpha particles because they have a smaller mass (lighter)

Can be harmful to living things

1. Can ionize (cause to form ions which can damage tissue)
2. Can cause cells to be unable to carry on normal functions and can lead to cell death
3. Can cause mutations (cancer)

Unstable nucleus that emits an alpha particle
Usually heavy nuclei with atomic numbers greater than 82

Radioactive, unstable

Decreases by 2

Decreases by 4

Decreases by 2

An unstable nucleus that emits beta particles

The neutron splits into a proton and electron
Too many neutrons, so they make more protons and electrons. They only need protons so the electron comes out of the nucleus

Increases by 1

Stays the same (bc the protons goes up so neutrons goes down)

Decreases by 1

Unstable nucleus that emits a positron

The proton splits into a neutron and a positron

Decreases by one

Stays the same

Increases by one