Biology Chapter 3: Organic Chemistry

How many categories are compounds divided into?

The two categories of compounds into these.

This compound contains carbon atoms that are covalent my bonded to carbon and to other elements.

An organic compound is a compound that contains carbon and is found in all of these.

The chemistry of carbon is the chemistry of what?

This is the chemistry of living organisms.

This is present in all organisms.

Carbon has this amount of electrons in their outer energy levels and can form this amount of covalent bonds.

Carbon can take in these different structures

This is a cluster of atoms that can influence the characteristics/ behavior of a larger molecule.

This is a single molecular unit.

A long chain of linked monomers.

A chain of polymers bonded together to form a very large molecule.

Examples of Macromolecules

The chemical reaction that takes place to bind monomers together to make polymers and macromolecules. Water is released in this process.

Another name for Condensation Reaction.

A chemical reaction that breaks polymers and macromolecules apart. The reverse of a condensation reaction.

4 Main classes of organic compounds that are essential to the life processes of all living things.

An organic compound made ups of Carbon,Hydrogen ,Oxygen.

Monomers/ subunits of Carbohydrates.

This means sugar.

The most common monosaccharides.

Blood Sugar. Main source of energy for the cells.

Fruit sugar. The sweetest monosaccharide.

Found in milk. Is usually combined with glucose and fructose.

Compounds with same chemical formula but have different forms.

Three most important polysaccharides.

A storage macromolecule of repeating units of glucose in plants.

A storage molecule of repeating units of glucose in animals. A polymer of glucose monomers.

Main storage of glucose in animals.

Where glycogen is stored in animals.

A macromolecule that adds structure to cell walls of plant cells.

Not fully digested by humans but is very rigid and strong.

Cellulose cannot be broken down by human enzymes so it passes through this system without being absorbed.

An important polysacharide . A polymer of glucose with an attached functional group found in the exoskeleton of Arthropods.

What is a carbohydrate’s function?

Simple sugars (monosacharides) can give this.

Complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides) can give this.

An indicator of monosacharides.

If monosacharides are present when mixed with Benedict’s Solution, these colors will appear.

This is an indicator of Starch.

If starch is present when mixed with Lugol’s Iodine, this color will appear.

Organic compounds composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.

Three main parts of an amino acid

The subunit of a protein.

There are this many different amino acids essential to living things.

Proteins vary in this.

The difference of this group in amino acids will give proteins different shapes.

This will determine a protein’s function.

There are this many non essential amino acids made by the body.

There are this many essential amino acids not made by the body and must be obtained by food.

Protein in red blood cells that carry oxygen in the blood

Protein that carries oxygen in muscle tissues.

Structural protein that makes up hair, nails, horns and hooves.

Structural protein that makes up the elasticity of the skin.

Structural proteins that make up protein fibers.

Protein hormone that stimulates cells to absorb glucose.

Proteins that act as biological catalysts to lower activation energy and speed up chemical reactions.

Enzymes are……

Enzymes end in…..

Enzymes function mainly as…….

When testing for proteins, this is an indicator for proteins and will turn PURPLE if proteins are present.

Lipids

Large, non polar organic molecules that do not dissolve in water and are composed of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen.

Monomers of lipids.

Lipids function as long term…..

Three fatty acids and glycerol make

Fatty acids and glycerol make…..

Lipids are soluble in this and insoluble in this.

These are solid at room temperature, have no carbon double bonds, and are unhealthy fats.

These are liquid at room temperature, have at least one carbon to carbon double bond and are healthy fats. Primarily found in seeds and fits.

These have 2 fatty acids joined by a molecules of glycerol and the cell membrane is composed of two of these.

The bilayer arrangement of molecules produce a barrier for a the cell that is……..

These prevent water loss.

These are made up of 4 rings of carbon, this is the chemical messenger that serves in various functions in living things.

This is an indicator of lipids.

Large and complex organic molecules that store important information in the cell.

Monomers of nucleic acids.

Nucleotides are made of these.

Examples of Nucleic Acids