Chapter 12 Organic Chemistry

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Organic
Animals, vegetables, living things- any compound that is carbon based
Properties of Organic Compounds
non polar, low melting points and boiling points, not soluble in water, less dense than water, highly flammable
Formula for Alkanes
Cn2Hn+2
Formula for Cycloalkanes
CnH2n
Shape of Ethane, C2H6
Tetrahedral
C3H8 inorganic/organic?
Organic
CaCl2 inorganic/organic?
Inorganic
Prefix for alkane with 1 carbon atom
Methane
Prefix for alkane with 2 carbon atoms
Ethane
Prefix for alkane with 3 carbon atoms
Propane
Prefix for alkane with 4 carbon atoms
Butane
Prefix for alkane with 5 carbon atoms
Pentane
Prefix for alkane with 6 carbon atoms
Hexane
Prefix for alkane with 7 carbon atoms
Heptane
Prefix for alkane with 8 carbon atoms
Octane
Prefix for alkane with 9 carbon atoms
Nonane
Prefix for alkane with 10 carbon atoms
Decane
Prefix for alkane with 11 carbon atoms
Undecane
Prefix for alkane with 12 carbon atoms
Dodecane
Structural isomers
When two compounds have the same molecular formula, but differ in the order in which the atoms are bonded
Alkyl groups
carbon branches and are named by replacing the -ane with -yl
Alkyl group for Methane
Methyl -CH3
Alkyl group for Ethane
Ethyl -CH2-CH3
Alkyl group for Propane
Propyl -CH2-CH2-CH3
Halo groups
Halogen atoms attached to the carbon chain named fluoro (-F), chloro (-Cl), bromo (-Br), or iodo (-I)
Haloalkane
Halogen atoms replace hydrogen atoms
Alkanes are gases when there are how many carbon atoms?
1-4 carbon atoms
Alkanes are liquids when there are how many carbon atoms?
5-8 carbon atoms
Alkanes are solids when there are how many carbon atoms?
9-17 carbon atoms
Are Alkanes nonpolar/polar?
Nonpolar
Are Alkanes soluble or insoluble in water?
Insoluble
Are Alkanes less or more dense than water?
Less dense so alkanes will float in water
Do Alkanes have high or low melting and boiling points?
Low melting and boiling points, the shorter the carbon chain the lower the melting and boiling point also the more branches the lower the melting and boiling point
Do cycloalkanes have high or low melting and boiling points?
Higher boiling points than straight chain alkanes
Formula for Combustion of Alkanes
Alkane + O2 ——-> CO2 + H2O + Energy
Alkenes
Contain a double bond
Alkynes
Contain a triple bond
Aromatic Compounds
Contain a benzene ring (cyclohexane with a circle in the middle)
Alcohol
Contains the hydroxyl (-OH) functional group
Thiols
Contains the functional group (-SH)
Ethers
an oxygen atom is bonded to two carbon atoms (-C-O-C-)
Aldehyde
Contains a carbonyl group (C=O) and attached to at least one hydrogen atom
Ketone
Contains a carbonyl group and is attached to two other carbon atoms
Carboxylic Acid
Contain the carboxyl group which is a carbonyl group attached to a hydroxyl group
Ester
Contains the carboxyl group between carbon atoms
Amine
The functional group is a nitrogen atom
Amide
The hydroxyl group of a carboxylic acid is replaced by a nitrogen group
Shape of Alkenes
Trigonal Planar
C2H4, Ethene’s common name
Ethylene
Shape of Alkynes
Linear
C2H2, Ethyne’s common name
Acetylene
Cis and Trans Isomers
Same formula, different physical and chemical properties and occur because double bonds are rigid and cannot rotate
Cis Isomer
Groups are attached on the same side of the double bond
Trans Isomer
Groups are attached on opposite sides of the double bond
Pheromones
Chemical messenger emitted by insects in tiny quantities
Addition Reactions
reactants add to the carbon atoms in double or triple bonds
Hydrogenation
Type of addition reaction where Hydrogen (H2) is added and a catalyst is used to speed up the reaction. The product is an Alkane.
Halogenation
Type of addition reaction where a halogen (Cl2, F2, Br2, I2, Al2) is added there is no catalyst and the product is a Haloalkane.
Hydrohalogenation
Type of addition reaction where a Hydrogen (H2) and a Halogen (Cl2, F2, Br2, I2, Al2) is added there is no catalyst and the product is a Haloalkane.
Hydration
Type of addition reaction where water (H2O) or (H-OH) is added there is a acid catalyst and the product is a Alcohol
What happens to the color when bromine is added to an alkane?
The red color stays
What happens to the color when bromine is added to an alkene or an alkyne?
The red color of bromine disappears immediately
Markovnikov’s Rule
In asymmetrical alkenes, the H is added to the carbon in the double bond that has the greater number of H atoms
Where do the H and OH bonds go in a reaction for Hydration?
In hydration, the H atom bonds to the C that has more hydrogen atoms. The OH atom bonds to the C with the fewer number of hydrogen atoms.
Polymers
large molecules that consist of small repeating units called monomers.
Polymerization
Small repeating units called monomers join to form a long chain polymer
PVC (polyvinyl chloride)
made from chloroethene
Cl
CH2=CH
PE (Polyethylene)
made from ethene (ethylene)
CH2=CH2
PP (polypropylene)
made from propene (propylene)

CH3
CH2=CH

Benzene structure
has 6 electrons shared equally among the 6 C atoms, behaves more like an alkane; it does not undergo addition reactions, it is represented as a hexagon with a circle drawn inside
Naming Aromatic Compounds
named with benzene as the parent chain with one side group named in front of benzene
What is Methylbenzene’s common name?
Toluene, has a CH3 branch coming off the benzene ring
What is Aminobenzene’s common name?
Aniline, has a NH2 branch coming off the benzene ring
What is Hydroxybenzene’s common name?
Phenol, has a OH branch coming off the benzene ring
Prefix for aromatic compound with 1, 2 branches of the same common name
ortho (o)
Prefix for aromatic compound with 1, 3 branches of the same common name
meta (m)
Prefix for aromatic compound with 1, 4 branches of the same common name
para (p)
What is Dimethylbenzene’s common name?
Xylene
Boiling/melting point of aromatic compounds?
Have higher boiling/melting points
Are aromatic compounds soluble or insoluble in water?
Not soluble unless they contain OH OR COOH substituents
Are aromatic compounds flammable or not?
they are flammable
Categories: Organic Chemistry