Chapter 12 Organic Chemistry

Animals, vegetables, living things- any compound that is carbon based

non polar, low melting points and boiling points, not soluble in water, less dense than water, highly flammable

Cn2Hn+2

CnH2n

Tetrahedral

Organic

Inorganic

Methane

Ethane

Propane

Butane

Pentane

Hexane

Heptane

Octane

Nonane

Decane

Undecane

Dodecane

When two compounds have the same molecular formula, but differ in the order in which the atoms are bonded

carbon branches and are named by replacing the -ane with -yl

Methyl -CH3

Ethyl -CH2-CH3

Propyl -CH2-CH2-CH3

Halogen atoms attached to the carbon chain named fluoro (-F), chloro (-Cl), bromo (-Br), or iodo (-I)

Halogen atoms replace hydrogen atoms

1-4 carbon atoms

5-8 carbon atoms

9-17 carbon atoms

Nonpolar

Insoluble

Less dense so alkanes will float in water

Low melting and boiling points, the shorter the carbon chain the lower the melting and boiling point also the more branches the lower the melting and boiling point

Higher boiling points than straight chain alkanes

Alkane + O2 ——-> CO2 + H2O + Energy

Contain a double bond

Contain a triple bond

Contain a benzene ring (cyclohexane with a circle in the middle)

Contains the hydroxyl (-OH) functional group

Contains the functional group (-SH)

an oxygen atom is bonded to two carbon atoms (-C-O-C-)

Contains a carbonyl group (C=O) and attached to at least one hydrogen atom

Contains a carbonyl group and is attached to two other carbon atoms

Contain the carboxyl group which is a carbonyl group attached to a hydroxyl group

Contains the carboxyl group between carbon atoms

The functional group is a nitrogen atom

The hydroxyl group of a carboxylic acid is replaced by a nitrogen group

Trigonal Planar

Ethylene

Linear

Acetylene

Same formula, different physical and chemical properties and occur because double bonds are rigid and cannot rotate

Groups are attached on the same side of the double bond

Groups are attached on opposite sides of the double bond

Chemical messenger emitted by insects in tiny quantities

reactants add to the carbon atoms in double or triple bonds

Type of addition reaction where Hydrogen (H2) is added and a catalyst is used to speed up the reaction. The product is an Alkane.

Type of addition reaction where a halogen (Cl2, F2, Br2, I2, Al2) is added there is no catalyst and the product is a Haloalkane.

Type of addition reaction where a Hydrogen (H2) and a Halogen (Cl2, F2, Br2, I2, Al2) is added there is no catalyst and the product is a Haloalkane.

Type of addition reaction where water (H2O) or (H-OH) is added there is a acid catalyst and the product is a Alcohol

The red color stays

The red color of bromine disappears immediately

In asymmetrical alkenes, the H is added to the carbon in the double bond that has the greater number of H atoms

In hydration, the H atom bonds to the C that has more hydrogen atoms. The OH atom bonds to the C with the fewer number of hydrogen atoms.

large molecules that consist of small repeating units called monomers.

Small repeating units called monomers join to form a long chain polymer

made from chloroethene
Cl
CH2=CH

made from ethene (ethylene)
CH2=CH2

made from propene (propylene)

CH3
CH2=CH

has 6 electrons shared equally among the 6 C atoms, behaves more like an alkane; it does not undergo addition reactions, it is represented as a hexagon with a circle drawn inside

named with benzene as the parent chain with one side group named in front of benzene

Toluene, has a CH3 branch coming off the benzene ring

Aniline, has a NH2 branch coming off the benzene ring

Phenol, has a OH branch coming off the benzene ring

ortho (o)

meta (m)

para (p)

Xylene

Have higher boiling/melting points

Not soluble unless they contain OH OR COOH substituents

they are flammable