Korean Language WORDS
(1) 나-는 냉수-를 마시-었-다.
I cold water drink
(2) *나-는 냉수-로 빨래-를 하-었-다.
I cold water with washing
– the term 냉수 is only used for ‘drinking’
2. grammatical element hosted by them
3. their meanings
( nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, numerals, determiners and particles )
kid-Nom -Acc -also
that kid pretty kid
이것, 그것, 저것
이곳, 그곳, 저곳
(ii) classifiers or counters
책 두 권, 종이 열 장
book two volume paper ten sheet
나 vs. 저 ‘I’
우리 vs. 저희 ‘we’
(ii) plural forms for persons or things close to the speaker:
우리 엄마 ‘our mom’
우리 남편 ‘our husband’
우리 학교 ‘our school’
이 차-가 선생님-의 차-인가요?
this car-Nom teacher-Gen car-Q
‘Is this your car?’
examples : 아저씨 ‘uncle’, 아주머니/아줌마 ‘aunt’, 할아버지 ‘grandfather’, 할머니 ‘grandmother’
1.
they both host more/less same set of grammatical endings (tense, honorific, speech style and sentence type)
먹-었-다 ‘eat-Past-Plain.S’
예쁘-었-다 ‘pretty-Past-Plain.S’
사-시-었-니 ‘buy-Hon-Past-Plain.Q’
행복하-시-었-니 ‘happy-Hon-Past-Plain.Q’
2.
cannot be used to modify nouns w/o special endings
웃-는 아이 ‘a child who is laughing’
예쁘-ㄴ 아이 ‘a pretty child’
3.
Many adjectives are built directly on verbs.
건강-하다 ‘healthy’: 건강 ‘health’, 하다 ‘do’
값-있다 ‘valuable’: 값 ‘value’, 있다 ‘exist’
값-없다 ‘valueless’: 값 ‘value’, 없다 ‘not exist’
복-되다 ‘lucky’: 복 ‘luck’, 되다 ‘become’
that child-Nom pretty-Plain.S
‘The child is pretty.’
cf. 그 아이-가 학생-이-다.
that child-Nom student-Cop-Plain.S
‘The child is a student.’
time and place adverbs: 지금 ‘now’, 멀리 ‘far away’ degree adverbs: 아주 ‘very’, 조금 ‘little’
that child-Nom meal-Acc quickly eat
or 빨리 그 아이-가 밥-을 먹는다.
그 아이-가 빨리 밥-을 먹는다.
아장아장, 종알종알, 부글부글
the contrast in vowel quality
ㅏ, ㅗ vs. ㅓ, ㅜ (positive vs. negative)
아장아장 vs. 어정어정
종알종알 vs. 중얼중얼
lax vs. aspirated or tensed consonants
종알종알 vs. 쫑알쫑알
감감 vs. 캄캄 vs. 깜깜
그 아이-가 공원-에서 친구-에게 공-을 던졌다.
that kid park friend ball threw
– Sino-Korean words: 52%
– Sino-Korean words should be distinguished from loanwords.
cf. English words based on Latin or Greek elements
– borrowings from Japanese
– 90% of 20,000 loanwords are of English stock.
b. borrowed from Sino-Japanese
c. coined in Korea
b. They are borrowed in highly limited contexts.
c. Their meaning sometimes shifts.
d. English words tend to be shortened.
e. New words are created.
f. English phrases are abbreviated unexpectedly.
– compounding
물 ‘water’ + 개 ‘dog’ = 물개 ‘seal’
개 ‘dog’ + 밥 ‘meal’ = 개밥 ‘dog food’
백미러 ‘rear-view mirror’
아이쇼핑 ‘window-shopping’
– derivation: adding an affix to pre-existing words
맨- ‘bare’ + 손 ‘hand’ = 맨손 ‘bare hands’
맨- ‘bare’ + 발 ‘foot’ = 맨발 ‘bare foot’
– abbreviation
노사: 노동자 사용자 ’employee and employer’
입시: 입학 시험 ‘university entrance examination’
먹다
– ‘to eat’ for drinks or medicine as well as solid food
자다 vs. 주무시다 ‘to sleep’
보다 vs. 뵙다 ‘to see (a person)’