ap human geography chapter 6 key terms

set of sounds, combinations of sounds, and symbols that are used for communication

one that is published, widely distributed, and purposefully taught

variants of a standard language along regional or ethnic lines

geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs, but such a boundary is a rarely simple line

means that two people can understand each other when speaking

linguists think of them as distributed across space

closely related languages; at a global scale they can be clasified as…

divisions within a language family

Slight change in a word across languages within a subfamily or through a language family from the present backward toward its origin.

from jones’s notions and grimm’s ideas came the first major linguistic hypothesis, proposing the existence of an ancestral indo-european language called…

Linguistics use this technique to track sound shifts and hardening of consonants “backward” toward the original language

language without any native speakers

technique using the vocubulary of extinct language to re-create the language that proceeded the extinct language

proto-indo-european language ancient ancestor

whena lack of spatial interaction among speakers of a language breaks the new language

when people with different languages have consistent spatial interaction and their languages collapse into one

One major theory of how proto-indo-europena diffused into europe; holds that early speakers of Proto-indo-european spread westward on horseback

Hypothesis which holds that the Indo-European languages that arose from Proto-Indo-European were first carried eastward into Southwest Asia, next around the Caspian Sea, and then across the Russian-Ukrainian plains and onto the Balkans.

lie in the areas that were once controlled by the Roman Empire but were not subsequently overwhelmed

reflect the exppansion of peoples out of northern europe to the west and south

developed as slavic people migrated froma base in present- day Ukraine close to 2000 years ago

a languageused among speakers of different languages for the purposes of trade and commerse

language created when people combine parts of their language into a simplified structure

a pidgin language that has developed a more complex structure and vocabulary and has become the native language of a group of people

countries in which only one language is spoken

countries in which more than one language is spoken

The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents.

a common language of trade and commerce used aound the world

uniqness of a location

place name